MyScienceLab

Saturday, 19 October 2013

Things To Know For Handing A Sick Child

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Nursing a sick child often requires more skill and understanding. The mind of a child works differently. He has no experience to guide him. A sick child is naturally afraid, even if you have told him he will be well again in a few days.

Child’s imagination: Every child has a highly active imagination, which becomes even more sensitive when he is sick. You must be careful not to increase his fears. Children have heard adults tell tales about illness and death, including all harrowing details. This sort of exaggeration is harmful to child. Then when he becomes ill, and his imagination is already working overtime, he may be almost scared to death. Therefore, try to keep him calm and quiet. Another instance of the fear in a child is the moment when the doctor prescribes an injection. If so, be sure to set a good example yourself. Don’t cringe when the doctor opens his bag. The child may be watching how you react in this emergency. If you are calm and cheerful, he will try to follow your example.

Fortunately, Nature is kind to young children. Most of their illness last only a few days at most. One minute they seem to be sick and at another they are up and running around as if nothing had happened. Except in certain crippling diseases, they rarely have to stay long in bed.

When your child is sick, be sure to consult the doctor early in the day. Don’t wait till midnight, merely hoping for the best. Remember, the earlier the doctor is consulted, the better for the child and also for yourself. A young child does not have the reserve energies of an adult. He can go downhill very rapidly with certain types of infection. Don’t take a chance, consult the doctor early.

Should you pamper your child? Not necessarily. All children like to be considered as heroes. So don’t pamper your child when he is sick. Sometimes they refuse to take prescribed diet and demand their choice. When this happens, try to explain the child how the planned and prescribed diet helps him become normal soon. Help him to act like a grown-up. At the same time do not make a simple illness seem too important. If your child gets too much attention, he may prefer to remain sick or feign sick.

Don’t allow too many visitors at home when your child is sick. Allow him to see Nature as much as possible. Narrate stories with happy endings. He may want to hear some favourite story over and over again. Either you read for him or narrate. Talk about cheerful things and avoid all morbid discussions. The child recovers fast and brings cheer in you.

Know More About Wolves And Foxes And Their Species

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The dog family includes wolves, foxes and jackals. The familiar domesticated dogs, which have been bred into a huge number of different shapes and sizes, probably originated from the grey or timber wolf. Unlike cats, dogs tend to hunt in groups, called packs. Their long, powerful legs enable them to run well and for long periods.

The common or grey wolf, the largest of the dogs and found in forest, tundra and mountains, varies in appearance across its range. It is also called the timber wolf, steppe wolf, tundra wolf and plains wolf.

Wolves eat a wide range of food, from deer to small mammals and even berries and other fruits. Even though they are common in some places, wolves are very rarely a danger to people. There are 35 species of dogs and relatives. The thirty five species, including grey wolf, live in North America, Europe and across Asia.

Red wolf is found in south eastern North America and is exceptionally rare now. Coyotes are common in parts of North and Central America. They are rather like smaller versions of wolves and their strange night howls are the ‘call of the wild’. The maned wolf lives in tall grassland in South America. It has long, graceful legs and attractive red-brown hair. Like pet dogs, wolves put their ears back and bare their teeth when they feel in danger.

Four species of Jackals live in Africa, Southeast Europe and South Asia; Dingo is found in Australia. Dhole or Asian wild dog is found in India, China, and Southeast Asia; African wild dog is mainly found in Southern Africa.

21 species of Foxes are found worldwide except Australia. Red or Common Fox is one of the most adaptable and widespread of all mammals, living in remote country and also scavenging in towns and cities.

Wednesday, 9 October 2013

Know More Importance Of SoyBean And Its Valuable Protein.

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One of the richest sources of protein is the soy bean. This simple food contains a complete protein. It has been cultivated in China and Japan for centuries. Soy beans actually contain twice as much protein, ounce for ounce, as meat and four times as much as eggs. Soy beans also contain a high quality vegetable oil that has no cholesterol in it. Soy oil contains lecithin, which s of value in controlling the level of cholesterol within the body. Soy beans are low in carbohydrates, so that diabetic patients can use them freely. They are highly alkaline, and in addition, contain all the important vitamins.

Sprouted soy beans are used in many parts of Asia. They are an excellent source of vitamin C. They are also rich in vitamins A and B complex. Babies who are allergic to cow’s milk can usually take soy bean milk without any trouble.

In some countries a number of foods are made from the soy bean. These include baked beans, canned or frozen green beans, bean sprouts, soy milk an cheese, vegetable shortening, margarine, and salad oil. They are also used in ice cream and sweetmeats, soy breakfast foods, soy sauce, and soy flour. Different types of soy beans are produced for these purposes.

Modern nutritionists and food chemists are busy in many areas searching for new ways of sing this important protein food. Without doubt soy bean is an excellent answer to the problem of feeding an overpopulated world. It is one of our very best foods, Nature’s gift to man.

Monday, 7 October 2013

To Know About Pioneers of Atomic Age

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Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) was a French Physicist who discovered radioactivity.

Some substances, when they have been exposed to bright sunlight, glow in the dark for some time afterwards. This effect is called Phosphorescence. Henri Becquerel followed in the footsteps of his father and grandfather who had both been well-known physicists. He was interested in crystals which glow (fluoresce) after absorbing sunlight. When Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895, Becquerel was fascinated. In the meanwhile a Frenchman named Henri poincare, who later became famous as a brilliant mathematician, suggested that phosphorescent substances might give off X-rays. In 1896, a friend and fellow-countryman of Poincare, Antoine Henri Becquerel, decided to put the matter to the test. He exposed crystals of a Uranium compound to sunlight to make them phosphorescent and placed them on thickly wrapped photographic plates. On developing the plates he found that the plates had been blackened by rays from the uranium compounds. It looked as if Poincare had been correct. A few days later Becquerel happened to be developing some old photographic plates to see if they were still good enough to use. The plates had been kept in a drawer in which there were traces of the uranium compounds. He found to his astonishment that those plates had been blackened by the uranium, even though they had been kept in the dark. The blackening had nothing to do with phosphorescence after all. Becquerel had discovered what came to be called radioactivity. He found that the uranium ore pitchblende was more intensely radioactive that even uranium itself. His enthusiasm influenced Pierre and Marie Curie.

The Curies

Becquerel was friendly with Pierre Curie, a lecturer in Physics at the University of Sorbonne in Paris, and his wife Marie, who was a chemist. He mentioned his discovery regarding Pitchblende to them, and they resolved to try to isolate the unknown, powerfully radioactive element that must be present in the ore.

The Curies obtained loads of Pitchblende ‘waste’ from the Austrian government from which the uranium had already been extracted. They worked in an old wood shed in the Sorbonne purifying and separating the ore. In July 1898 they announced that there were not one, but two unknown radioactive elements in pitchblende. They isolated one, which Marie Curie named polonium, after Poland, where she was born. They did not succeed in isolating the second one, which they called radium, until 1902.

For their pioneering work on radioactivity, Becquerel and the Curies were jointly awarded the 1903 Nobel Physics Prize.

The radium the Curies had prepared so far was in the form of a compound. Therefore, they set about producing pure radium. Pierrie, however, was killed in a street accident in 1906, and Marie continued alone. Breaking with all tradition, the Sorbonne offered Pierre’s position to Madame Curie. In 1910 Marie succeeded at last in preparing a minute amount of pure radium. This brought her a second Nobel Prize in 1911. Soon afterwards she helped to found, and became the first director of the Radium institute of Paris.

Marie Curie died of leukemia, a disease of white blood cells. It has since been shown that radiation can cause leukemia, so it is more than likely that Madame Curie died as a result of excessive exposure to the intense radiation from the elements she had discovered.

Know great about Mosquitoes its causes and varieties

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Mosquito, a two-winged ‘little fly’ is a menace to humankind. It causes blood loss, transmits diseases like malaria, filaria, dengue, chikungunya, and Japanese encephalitis. There is incredible diversity in the mosquito family. Weighing only about 2.5 milligrams, mosquitoes have survived through the ages. Fossil and zoogeographic evidence suggest that these insects evolved during the dinosaur period of Jurassic Age around 250 million years ago. Though dinosaurs are long gone, these small winged creatures have adapted and evolved to produce extensive taxonomic, genetic and ecological diversity.

Where are they found?

Mosquitoes are found throughout the world except in places that are permanently frozen. They are found amply in the tropics and subtropics. The largest population of individual species occurs in the Arctic Tundra. Out of the 3500 mosquito species, about 350 species have been reported in India.

The diseases they transmit

It is estimated that over 700 million people are affected by the diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Some of the major diseases are: malaria, filaria, dengue, chikugunya, Japanese Encephalitis (JE), yellow fever, Western Nile Fever (WNF), Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE), Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE), and California Encephalitis (CE).

Varieties of Mosquitoes Anopheles

Anophelinae comprises 450 species. Sixty-six of these are medically crucial for their plasmodium-carrying capacity. In our country, 58 Anopheline species have been recorded of which 10 are known to be malarial vectors.

How to identify Anopheles

Anopheles can be identified by the three to four black spots on the upper edge of the wing. It has grayish brown body and pale bands on maxillary pulp. Male mosquitoes have antennae that look like brush. In females, antennae do not have such dense hairs. The Primary vector An Culicifacies has widespread distribution and can efficiently transmit both ordinary and cerebral malaria. It breeds proficiently during monsoon and causes incidence of malaria intensify.

The other varieties are: An. Stehensi, an urban vector; An.fluviatilis that inhabits hilly regions; An.minimus found in tea garden belts and foothill regions; An.dirus, mainly confined to the forest and forest fringe areas; An.minimus, dirus and fluviatilis maintain stable malaria in the northeastern states. An.Sundaicus is at present restricted to Andaman Nicober islands, though it was earlier prevalent in Odisha. Besides malaria transmission An.gambiae, An. Funestus etc. carry the filarial parasite in some parts of the world including East Africa, Papua New Guinea. An.barbirostris and An.hycranus can transmit Japanese encephalitis virus also.

Why they feed on: Major Anopheline vectors are anthropophilic and feed on the blood of humans inside the house. The biting hours vary through night (depending on the species) with a flight range of two to three kilometers. Their flight sound is not audible.

Where they breed: Anopheles breed in fresh water bodies like riverside, lakes, cisterns, wells, paddy fields etc. But few species can breed even in foul water, muddy ponds and marshlands.

Monday, 23 September 2013

How Leech Therapy is quite effective in treating patients

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The word ‘unique’ denotes ‘one of its kind’ or something very special. Some animals are quite unique in this sense. For instance, the blue whale is unique for its giant size and so also glow worms “Luciferae” that emit greenish glow at night. Likewise, there are a few more creatures which are unique.

Leech the parasite doctor, is a very special physician. Dr Andreas Michalsen and colleagues from Essen, Germany reported that Leech therapy is quite effective in treating patients with osteoarthritis. Twenty-four patients with this wear and tear of the ageing knee problem were given one-shot leech therapy. They allowed four to six leeches to attach themselves to each knee and drink blood for about an hour. They found leech therapy was far more effective than drug therapy.

Leech therapy which benefits those with other causes of pain, was used by the ancient Egyptians, Greek and Indian medicine men. They used the leech to help maintain the humoral balance in the body. They attached leech to the body for the cure, and detached it by sprinkling some slat water.

How it acts as a physician: The leech which is used in medicine is called Hirudo

Medicinalis. It has five pair of eyes and two sucker both on its front and back side. .

The head sucker searches and penetrates while the back sucker holds fast to the host. The

Bite of hirudo is painless because it has an anaesthetic that makes the host feel nothing. This substance is under atudy.

The effect of its saliva: The leech saliva has many other molecules of great medicinal interest. One of the molecules is a vaso-dilator and a histamine that increases the diameter of blood vessels, helping to promote blood flow. Another is an enzyme called hyaluronidase. It breaks down hyaluronic acid, the bonding material of the connective tissue, thus fostering the flow of blood and fluids from affected areas. Another substance in leech saliva is hirudin. It is the most potent inhibitor of blood clotting known to date. Hirudin in leech helps continued blood flow by breaking off the aggregated fibrin plugs that clot and seal blood leaks. Hirudin also shuts off the mechanisms of Factor VIII mediated blood coagulation. Genetic engineers in England are successful in cloning the gene for hirudin and manufacture it through recombinant DNA technology. We have to be thankful to the leech for the benefits it has opened up for modern medicine. Hirudin made it possible to have its cousins balellin and eglin.

How much blood it drinks: Leech drinks hardly 15ml our of the 3000-5000 ml of the human blood. And having drunk, the parasite doctor moves on to chew the cud for six months.